(1) The manuscript must include the following elements:

a) Chinese and English titles (generally no more than 20 words);
b) Authors (no more than 6), their affiliations, city/province, and postal codes;
c) Chinese and English abstracts (Chinese abstract: 300–400 words);
d) Keywords (5–8);
e) Chinese Library Classification Number;
f) Brief introduction of the first author, including name, year of birth, gender, title, academic qualifications, main research fields, E-mail, etc.;
g) Main text;
h) References (cited sequentially in the text and listed at the end).

(2) The abstract should be written in the third person and include research purpose, methods, results, and conclusions. Avoid common knowledge in the field, content from the introduction, or redundant repetitions of the title and conclusions.

(3) The main text must use standardized legal units and symbols as per national standards. Ensure correct formatting for uppercase/lowercase letters, italics, boldface, superscripts/subscripts, etc.

(4) Figures and tables should be self-explanatory, appear alongside the text, and not duplicate textual content.

(5) Figures must be appropriately sized, clear, and aesthetically pleasing, with a resolution above 600 dpi (no screenshots). Text, symbols, axis labels, and scale lines should be legible and conform to drafting standards.

(6) Tables should be concise and scientific. Avoid tables for content that can be explained succinctly in text.

(7) Conclusions must highlight universal patterns derived from the study, not reiterate the work or discuss limitations.

(8) Reference Formatting

① Journal article: Author. Title [J]. Journal Name, Year, Volume(Issue): Start Page–End Page.
② Book: Author. Title [M]. Edition. City: Publisher, Year: Start Page–End Page.
③ Patent: Patent Applicant. Patent Title: Patent Number [P]. Publication Date.
④ Conference paper: Author. Title [C]. City: Publisher, Year.
⑤ Thesis/Dissertation: Author. Title [D]. City: Degree-Granting Institution, Year.
⑥ Report: Author. Report Title [R]. City: Publisher, Year.
⑦ Standard: Standard Issuer. Standard Name: Standard Code [S]. City: Publisher, Year.
⑧ Online resource: Author. Title [OL]. URL. Publication/Update Date.